The purpose of doing business in agriculture is to achieve the best possible economic effect with the available factors of production. Production factors, which are determined by their quantity and quality, create a definite production potential. Socio-economic transformations that took place in Poland in the period of EU membership caused a number of structural changes in the resources and distribution of production factors in agriculture. As compared to other sectors of the economy the changes in the agricultural sector seem relatively the most significant ones. The main objective of the study is an analysis of some effects of the common agricultural policy implementation in Poland. The presented material includes presentation of the importance the direct payments in agriculture in the regional perspective, the effectiveness of regional and structural policy instruments affecting the development of entrepreneurship and the potential changes in the distribution of public funds in the field of pillar I of the CAP after 2013. In the conclusion the authors present the long-term objectives of the Polish agricultural policy, the state and perspectives concerning the EU funds distribution between selected objectives, territorial dimension of intervention and challenges related to the competitiveness and innovations.